Nomenclature for Covalent or Molecular Compounds

Molecular compounds or covalent compounds are those in which the elements share electrons via covalent bonds. The only type of molecular compound a chemistry student is expected to be able to name is a binary covalent compound. This is a covalent compound made up of only two different elements. Identifying Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds contain two or more nonmetals (not the ammonium ion). Usually, you can recognize a molecular compound because the first element in the compound name is a nonmetal. Some molecular compounds contain hydrogen, however, if you see a compound which starts with H, you can assume it is an acid and not a molecular compound. Compounds consisting only of carbon with hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons have their own special nomenclature, so they are treated differently from other molecular compounds. Writing Formulas for Covalent Compounds Certain rules apply to the way names of covalent compounds are written: The more electropositive element (further left on the periodic table) is listed before the more electronegative element (further right on the periodic table).The second element is given an -ide ending.Prefixes are used to denote how many atoms of each element are present in the compound. Prefixes and Molecular Compound Names Nonmetals may combine in a variety of ratios, so it is important that the name of a molecular compound indicates how many atoms of each type of element are present in the compound. This is accomplished using prefixes. If there is only one atom of the first element, no prefix is used. It is customary to prefix the name of one atom of the second element with mono-. For example, CO is named carbon monoxide rather than carbon oxide. Examples of Covalent Compound Names SO2 - sulfur dioxideSF6 - sulfur hexafluorideCCl4 - carbon tetrachlorideNI3 - nitrogen triiodide Writing the Formula From the Name You can write the formula for a covalent compound from its name by writing the symbols for the first and second elements and translating the prefixes into subscripts. For example, xenon hexafluoride would be written XF6. It is common for students to  have trouble writing formulae from compounds names as  ionic compounds and  covalent compounds are often confused. You arent balancing charges of covalent compounds; if the compound does not contain a metal, dont try to balance this! Molecular Compound Prefixes Number Prefix 1 mono- 2 di- 3 tri- 4 tetra- 5 penta- 6 hexa- 7 hepta- 8 octa- 9 nona- 10 deca-

Atomic Bomb Dbq - 949 Words

APUSH DBQ As World War II was coming to an end during 1945, the creation of one of the most destructive weapons known to humanity occurred within the United States. This weapon, known as â€Å"the atomic bomb,† was used on the two Japanese cities: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, resulting in a death toll unprecedented by any military weapon used before and an immediate, unconditional surrender. Some historians believe President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb in order to intimidate the Soviet Union whereas others believe it was a strictly military measure designed to force Japan’s unconditional surrender. In the Report of a Scientific Panel of nuclear physicists, some scientific colleagues believed the atomic bomb was a â€Å"purely technical†¦show more content†¦(Doc C). Next, Winston Churchill’s recollection of the Potsdam Conference also emphasized the need to end the war before Soviet intervention. It seemed to be a mutual agreement between the U.S. and Britain that the two powers should not need the Red Army to end the war with Japan (Doc E). Finally, nuclear physicist Leo Szilard’s recollection of a 1945 meeting between James Byrnes and a group of concerned atomic scientists supports the idea that America dropped the atomic bomb to intimidate the U.S.S.R. The scientists were very concerned about the rapid spreading of Russian influence in Europe, which probably contributed to the U.S. policy of containment. Due to this fear, James Byrnes and the atomic scientists believed that demonstrating the bomb would make the Soviet Union more manageable in Europe. One can also argue that this approach can be related the John Foster Dulles theory of massive retaliation, which is the belief that the threat of â€Å"massive of retaliation† with nuclear weapons would stop Soviet aggression. Therefore, one can argue that the dropping of the atomic bomb was a diplomatic measure calculated to intimidate the Soviet Union and on e can argue that this idea was backed by the theories of containment and massive retaliation. Essentially, the theory behind the dropping atomic bomb on Hiroshima was dichotomous; some argue that it was to induce prompt and unconditional surrender by Japan, while others argue that it was to threaten the Soviet Union.Show MoreRelatedAtomic Bomb Justified? Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesWas the Atomic Bombing Justified? The Atomic Bomb made a very serious statement at a time when the world was in disarray (â€Å"Manhattan†). World War II was one of the most destructive times in history causing over 50 million deaths and leaving behind mental and physical casualties of war. (â€Å"World War II†) It started in September, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and continued on a destructive path through Europe. Britain and France declared war on Germany. Two years prior in 1937, the Sino JapaneseRead MoreApush Dbqs Essay2248 Words   |  9 Pages2011 DBQ: (Form A) 1. Analyze the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and evaluate how President Richard Nixon’s administration responded to them. (Form B) 1. Explain the ways that participation in political campaigns and elections in the United States changed between 1815 and 1840, and analyze forces and events that led to these changes. 2010 DBQ: (Form A) 1. In what ways did ideas and values held by Puritans influence the politicalRead MoreThe Cold War On The United States Domestic Policy1940 Words   |  8 Pagespossibly knew and could. Later, through science, we have learned that many of their tactics when it came to protecting themselves would not even have worked.The United States spend a lot of extra money during this time period to keep up with the war. (DBQ questions) During the Cold War, America as a whole was terrified of the idea of communists. Everybody had a perception of a communist, and knew that they did not like them. The American Government took many measures to protect the United States fromRead MoreEssay on Tension and Suspicion Between U.S. and Russia1310 Words   |  6 PagesName Teacher AP U.S. History October 8, 2012 DBQ From the years of 1941 to 1949, there was an increase in suspicion and tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was a Communist country ruled by a dictator while America was a capitalist democracy that valued freedom. Their completely different beliefs and aims caused friction to form between them, which contributed to the creation of the Cold War. At the start of the first world war, Germany and the Soviet Union

â€ÅGender Issues is interdisci... free essay sample

Gender Issues is interdisciplinary and cross-national in scope, focusing on gender and gender equity. The gender issue is something that has been around forever. Men and women have never been equal and are never going to be equal. Society looks at men to be considered superior to women. Society suggested men are above women. The gender issue is something that nobody has control over. As women there so much, you not supposed to do because of gender roles. In this essay, the main topic of it is gender issues. In The yellow wallpaper novel, written by Charlotte Gilman, while she is battling Postpartum. Postpartum is a type of depression that may occur after giving birth. according to Elizabeths article, she stated, The Yellow Wallpaper, a tale of one womans descent into madness, is Charlotte Perkins Gilmans response to the male-run medical establishment and the patriarchal structure of the nineteenth-century household. This quote is used for the article because it is an overview of the whole theme of the story, it gives more information about gender roles in the story. During that time the story was composed women are expected to stay home, cook, and take care of the children. men were expected to provide for the family. the yellow wallpaper defines gender issues in so many ways. controlling, dependence and womens role in marriage were the main gender issues in the story. The yellow wallpaper is a short autobiographical story that is written by a feminist Charlotte Gilman in the late 1800s. The narrator suffered from postpartum depression after she gave birth to her child. The narrator is married to John, a physician. Her husband is a successful doctor, on the other hand, she is not able to satisfy her obligations as a woman. The husband rented a house for the narrator, away from everybody he demanded her to rest and not do anything. When they arrived at the place the narrator was tried telling her husband she does not feel comfortable being there, something is strange about the place and the vibe is off. Of course, the husband brushes her off, dont take her serious like always. In the story, Charlotte states John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him this quote is important because it demonstrates how the narrator is feeling. Throughout the story, John tells the narrator, her depression is not serious she just need to rest. In the story her husband John is very controlling over her, she is not allowed to do many things because John does not approve. The narrator has no choice but to listen to her husband, not only he is her partner he also her doctor. Charlotte defined gender issues very well in this essay all throughout the essay her husband controlled everything that is going on. What her husband was doing is completely normal at the time the story composed, it is ok for women to let their husbands control their lives. The women do not really have a say when it comes to certain things. Even to this day, people get intimidated when they see a woman have it all, do not need a man to provide for them. Society expected women to live in their expectations, women are supposed to let a man take care of them, sit around the house just clean, cook etc. The narrator was not even allowed to do any of those things, all her husband wants from her is to sleep all day. The narrator is a writer, her husband finds out she been writing, he told her she needed to stop writing because it was not a good idea for her to be writing, once again controlling her life.Furthermore, dependences play a major role in the essay. The narrator is depending on her husband for everything. John is a doctor, he is the provider for the family. She is not allowed to leave the house at any cause. Jane, the narrator is stuck inside of a room with yellow wallpaper where she just stares at the wall all day. Charlotte mentions in the story he takes all care from me, and so I feel basely ungrateful not to value it more. She feels like just because he takes her of her, she needs to be grateful. The pressure society put on women to let their men take care of them. This quote is important because it shows how the narrator is thinking and how she feels about the situation. The narrator feels like she is useless, feeling like she is in prison. Her husband wants her to feel like she needs him, he takes all responsibilities from her. Jane asks her husband to fix the wallpaper, but he refuses to do it.The author also defines Womens role in marriage in the story. According to society womens role in a marriage are taken care of the house. In the story, the narrator feels like as a wife she really did not have a role in her marriage. Everything was run by her husband, she does not have a say when it comes to anything in her household. Her husband runs her life, her husband treats her like she is a kid. Men sometimes use womens emotions of guilt them being submissive to them in their marriage. During that time women do not hold the same power as men. Women are supposed to be weak and inferior to men. In the story, the narrator is not fully respected her husband. The narrator felt like she was a prisoner in her own marriage, she could not do anything at all. Her husband shoot down every idea she had. Her husband did not even know she had postpartum.In conclusion the yellow wallpaper defined gender issues in many ways, the story started with the narrator wanting to be freed from her husband and her depression. At the end of the story the narrator tore down the yellow wallpaper symbolism the freedom she has now from everything. Her husband walked in the room, fainted when he saw his wife took down the yellow wallpaper. The narrator got tired of feeling imprisonment. As women it is harder to accomplished something because of what society expected. The author defined gender issues very nice in this day. She shows the truth reality of what gender issues were back in the days, and the struggled women faced during that time.

Lee Kuan Yew free essay sample

First of all , although Lee had high popularity before the election and won the election, he also did some actions after the election. He ordered the ministers to take a series of well-publicised campaigns to clean the streets of the city and clear the beaches of debris. Why? It was because he wanted to keep the high popularity of the party for the long-run of government. It indicates that one time of success may not give the second time. In our academic work, if we get a good result in the exam, we shouldn’t be lazy after the exam.We should also study harder after the exam in order to maintain or get a better result, just like the experience of Lee. Moreover, for the government minister organized drives to induce the people and involved them in setting higher standards in civic consciousness, general cleanliness and preservation of public property. We will write a custom essay sample on Lee Kuan Yew or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through the minister’s cleaning in the street was the short-term action, it raised the awareness of civic participation in long term. It contributed to build up a modern society.As a leader, problems should not be solved in short term only, our goals and ideas should mainly be focused on foreseeable long term. Solving the problems in short term would be short-sighted while the implementation of goals and ideas would contribute to success in long-run. Someone in western says that leader should not focus next election only, leader should focus next generation. For example, when we run the club, we should not focus on holding next activity only, we should focus on the goals of whole year and also how the club could be run next year.Our sight should not be short-sighted, it should be long-sighted. In addition, after the election, Lee warned his ministers and parliamentary secretaries who were assigned to help ministers dealing with public complaints not to get drunk on power and not to abuse it. He hoped that the government officer could serve the public sincerely and without any personal interest in order to serve the public selflessly. When we become the senior students, we become the leaders in school or the pillars of society in the future.As the leader in school, such as the chairperson in society, we should spare no pains to serve our students since with great power comes great responsibility. It is the duty to serve others, not to fill up our own interest. Besides, we should listen to the complaints humbly. When we read the history of world, we usually read that many leaders are arrogant and don’t listen to others. Thus, it brings failure with them.As a result, we should listen to the teammates and others since they are the mirrors of us. It contributes us to improve and serve others in betterments. Just like Lee values the complaints from the public since complaints helps the government to improve. To sum up, I would say that Lee Kuan Yew is the accountable leader who spares no pains in leading the country. His thought and experience could teach us how we become the leader. This is the end of my presentation. Thank you.

Despite apparently urging us to ‘hug a hoodie’ Essay Example Essay Example

Despite apparently urging us to ‘hug a hoodie’ Essay Example Paper Despite apparently urging us to ‘hug a hoodie’ Essay Introduction This essay discusses the fact that, despite seemingly pressing us to ‘hug a hoodie ‘ in 2006, in May 2007, David Cameron stated that â€Å" Aggressive hoodies who threaten the remainder of us must be punished. They need to cognize the difference between right and incorrect, and it ‘s our occupation to state them † . With this in head, this essay explores the economic logical thinking behind the debut of the Anti-Social Behaviour Order ( ASBO ) , discoursing the effectivity of this policy. As portion of this treatment, the likely impact of the scope of alternate policies designed to restrict ‘yob ‘ civilization is besides addressed. The economic logical thinking of the ASBO policy is that it will be cheaper to administrate and implement ASBO’s than to cover with the effects of anti-social behavior. This logical thinking will be analysed now in footings of measuring the costs of administrating ASBO’s and the costs of implementing ASBOà ¢â‚¬â„¢s and whether these outweigh the costs of any harm that is caused as a consequence of anti-social behavior. Campbell ( 2002 ) reported that the cost of an ASBO is?4800 including the staffing costs of fixing the instance and attending meetings. although as the disposal of ASBO’s has become more straightforward, as clip has gone on, the costs have been estimated to hold gone down. The Home Office ( 2005 ) followed on from Campbell ( 2002 ) , describing that the 2004 ASBO Cost Survey revealed the mean cost of an ASBO to be?2500 ( excepting costs related to breaches or entreaties ) , nevertheless, the same study found the maximal cost of an ASBO was found to be?10,250. Therefore, the mean cost of an ASBO has so lowered since the ASBO’s were introduced, most likely as a effect of the disposal of them going more straightforward as clip has gone on, but this is anmeancost merely, non taking in to account the vagaries of each single instance nor any excess costs from en treaties and breaches of ASBO’s. Despite apparently urging us to ‘hug a hoodie’ Essay Body Paragraphs The same study ( Home Office, 2005 ) showed that the people responsible for administrating ASBO’s thought that the cost of obtaining an ASBO would ensue in nest eggs elsewhere, and that the cost of obtaining an ASBO were deserving the result of the ASBO, with those interviewed, on norm, being undiscouraged from taking an ASBO due to the cost of the ASBO. Thus, the costV.benefit analysis of an ASBO calls in favor of the ASBO being issued, as it is expected that the ASBO will ensue in nest eggs subsequently on, in footings of salvaging staffing costs, legal costs, the cost of fixs and insurance claims that might ensue from ongoing anti-social behaviors ( Campbell, 2002 ) . There are other, indirect cost benefits: for illustration, publishing ASBO’s might besides cut down the figure of vacant belongingss on estates, through a decrease in anti-social behavior and an addition in the willingness on the portion of people to return to antecedently ‘problem’ estates , increasing the rental income ( Campbell, 2002 ) . This was by and large merely in the instance of ‘straightforward’ ASBO’s, nevertheless, with the resources that are needed to cover with a breach of an ASBO being prohibitory in the heads of many of those interviewed, as transgressing an ASBO can ensue in excess costs, many clip the value of the original ASBO. Thus, whilst the cost of a ‘straightforward’ ASBO has been reduced since their debut, taking to ASBO’s being good in footings of cost-benefit analyses, in footings of cut downing the potency for future costs if the ASBO was non administered, there are still concerns amongst the decision makers of ASBO’s as to the costs that are entailed when an ASBO is breached. Whilst an ASBO is a civil affair, transgressing an ASBO is a condemnable affair and needs to be dealt with as such, implying legal fees and costs of lodging guilty wrongdoers in prison. The costs of publishing ASBOs are m onolithic, with 9853 ASBO’s issued in 2005, across England and Wales, at an mean cost of?2500, giving a entire cost of about?25 million. This is excepting any breaches of the ASBOs, something that will add a monolithic cost to the entire one-year cost of ASBO enforcement, as it is a fact that 40 % of ASBOs are breached in any one twelvemonth with â€Å"nearly 50 immature people in detention for transgressing an ASBO in any month in 2004† ( Youth Information, 2008 ) . Therefore, the existent costs of ASBO’s are non, as has been stated by Campbell ( 2002 ) and the Home Office ( 2005 ) , they are really far higher than this, due to the highly high figure of breaches of the ASBO’s that occur and the excess costs that are entailed one an ASBO has been breached, in footings of legal fees, staff costs and the costs of hosting an person in prison for up to five old ages ( the upper limit punishment for a breach of an ASBO ) . In any one twelvemonth, hence, the co st of an mean ASBO, taking in to account the breaches, is far higher than even the?4800 reported by Campbell ( 2002 ) . It has proven impossible to even get down to measure the potency, existent, costs of anti-social behavior, as anti-social behavior, as defined by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 is, â€Å"any behaviour which causes or is likely to do torment, dismay or hurt to one or more people who are non in the same family as the perpetrator† . This definition is broad and unfastened to a assortment of readings, many of which curtail the freedoms of persons ( is playing a fiddle severely whilst practising cause for an ASBO to be initiated, for illustration, as it could be argued to straiten one or more people? ) , all of which are impossible to measure in footings of their negative fiscal impact ( s ) on the people who express their dismay or hurt. The economic logical thinking behind the ASBO statute law can non, hence, be assessed objectively due to the deficiency of an y existent figures for the cost of anti-social behavior to society. What is known, nevertheless, is that ASBO disposal and enforcement costs many 1000000s of lbs each twelvemonth and, worse than this, is taking to the demonization of immature people, through mention to footings such ‘yob culture’ which are closely tied to the ASBO phenomenon. Whilst it is obvious that there are some job young person, many of whom do set about felon behaviors which should, and are, punished through the young person tribunals, immature people – in general – are being victimised by the media and by politicians, with any behavior that is seen as ‘anti-social’ being stigmatised through the fond regard of an ASBO and its subsequent criminilisation if the ASBO is deemed to hold been breached. As Campbell ( 2002 ) stated, â€Å"problem-solving can aim the causes of anti-social behavior and is frequently effectual without the demand for the concluding measure of using for an ASBO being necessary† . There are, hence, other methods of undertaking anti-social behavior without tie ining anti-social behavior with condemnable behavior ( as a breach of an ASBO can take to a prison sentence ) : it is, after all, the ceasing of the anti-social behavior that is sought, non the criminalization of our young person. It is possibly clip to work with immature people to understand their demands and their defeats, instead than demonizing and endangering their freedom of look with ASBO’s with clear condemnable intensions. Hirstet Al.( 2007 ) , for illustration, looked at wages strategies for pro-social behavior in immature people, demoing that two strategies which award points for pro-social behavior which can so be reclaimed for ‘treats’ were highly successful in promoting long-run pro-social, civic, behavior in the immature people who participated in the strategies. David Cameron’s recent suggestions for National Citizens Servic e follows a similar thought, that immature people should be encouraged to make something for their community, although the strategy lacks administration and, as such, it is ill-defined how it would work, practically. The suggestion of such strategies to workwithimmature people to promote civic behavior are promoting in footings of stoping this ambiance of demonizing all immature people. Not all immature people are ‘yob’s and handling them as such is non helpful in footings of hammering a responsible coevals. Our young person are criminalised at every chance, from ‘pirating’ music, which is deemed illegal to protect the net incomes of companies ( see Lessig, 2005 ) , to commanding their behaviors through the debut and enforcement of ASBO’s which, as has been seen, have the power to command â€Å"anybehavior which causes or is likely to do torment, dismay or hurt to one or more people who are non in the same family as the perpetrator† . Young pe ople are being controlled more now than of all time antecedently, in a society that is unequal in footings of the distribution of wealth ( see Dorlinget al. ,2007 ) : possibly this is one cause for the visual aspect of a ‘yob culture’ , and is surely a cause that needs to be dealt with, politically, for the benefit of all of society. Covering with ‘yob culture’ in isolation will ne’er work until the root causes of such jobs are dealt with. Economically blemished statements such as the ASBO statute law merely adds to the feeling that the Government is acquiring it incorrect in footings of covering with immature people with jobs. Mentions Campbell, S. ( 2002 ) . A reappraisal of anti-social behavior orders. Home Office Research Study 236. London: Home Office. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/r160.pdf [ Accessed on 5th March 2008 ] . Dorling, D.et Al.( 2007 ) . Poverty, wealth and topographic point in Britain , 1968 to 2005. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Hirst, J.et Al.( 2007 ) . An rating of two enterprises to honor immature people. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Home Office ( 2005 ) . The cost of anti-social behavior orders. Home Office Smmary Report, March 2005, Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.respect.gov.uk/uploadedFiles/Members_site/Documents_and_images/Enforcement_tools_and_powers/ASBOS_CostReportMar05_0046.pdf [ Accessed on 5th March 2008 ] . Home Office ( 2006 ) . Anti-social behaviour orders. Statistics. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/asbos/asbos2.htm [ Accessed 6th March 2008 ] . Lessig, L. ( 2005 ) .Free Culture: The nature and hereafter of Creativity.Penguin. Young person Information ( 2008 ) . Anti-social behavior orders ( ASBO’s ) . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youthinformation.com/Templates/Internal.asp? Node91800 [ Accessed 6ThursdayMarch 2008 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on Despite apparently urging us to ‘hug a hoodie’ Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Despite apparently urging us to ‘hug a hoodie’ Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Despite apparently urging us to ‘hug a hoodie’ Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Summary on the Article “Where the Jihad Lives Now” Essays

Summary on the Article â€Å"Where the Jihad Lives Now† Essays Summary on the Article â€Å"Where the Jihad Lives Now† Essay Summary on the Article â€Å"Where the Jihad Lives Now† Essay This article, Where the Jihad Lives Now, published in the October 29, 2007 issue of Newsweek talked about how the Taliban found refuge inside Pakistan.   This was written by Ron Moreau and Michael Hirsh. The first part of the article tells the story of how Benazir Bhutto, the Pakistan’s former prime minister was being in a danger inside their own government.   She said that the terrorists are trying to take over the Pakistan and they have to stop them.   But then she said she is not accusing the government but rather the people and certain individuals who are abusing their positions and powers (Moreau and Hirsh, 2007). The article continues as what is currently happening in Pakistan is being told.   It is said there that the government has no one to blame but itself it is the one who created the Islamist monster operating in the whole country now.   That’s why, Pakistan now is considered as the most dangerous country on earth. The Taliban and Qaeda now used the Pakistan as their base enabling jihadists to manoeuvre in the country and even beyond.   Taliban fighters now come and go as they please inside Pakistan.   Their injured are being nursed in private hospitals.   They even brought their families in there.   Some take courses like video production, English and computer technology.   They can shop for themselves if they want. Taliban fighters can attend services at mosques and study Qur’an (Moreau and Hirsh, 2007). But then, as stated in the article, it is no longer surprising to know that Pakistan might give special treatment to Taliban, because the country’s intelligence officer and military men have maintained personal relations with the senior Taliban ever since 1980s in the occupation of Soviet in Afghanistan. Now the greatest danger in Pakistan is that the whole country which includes the senior politicians seems to be saying that what is happening is â€Å"not our watch and not our war.†Ã‚   There seems an acceptance also that there are Taliban present in the country and every city.

Is effectively reducing production costs a driving force for the shift Research Paper

Is effectively reducing production costs a driving force for the shift of Manufacturing from China to the USA - Research Paper Example Examples of these costs are labor cost, transportation costs and supply chain risks. Increase in the cost of production has made the businesses to move near to their customers or moving back home where the production costs will be lower (Shephard, pg.67). There are numerous specific drivers which may be either external or internal to china and which are forcing manufactures to seek another production locations; the major one is the increasing competition for talents and labor costs. The biggest advantage for china was that it had cheap labor though that benefit is dwindling. So the increase in labor costs has become a major challenge for the companies which are operating in china these is because every fast growing and foreign company in china are all competing for employees who are qualified mainly those employees who have skills thus making it difficult for business to entice and maintain top talents. The increase in labor costs has reduced profits of the manufacturers significantly (Janoski and Darina, pg 115). There are also other costs which have increased too. The costs of real estates have increased nearly at manic rates due to the government institutions which have delegated minimum land charges. Other factors like electricity costs has also increased and the rate of corporate tax has raised to 25% from 15%, also the tax associated incentives has disappeared or it has not been easy to obtain. Increase cost of these inputs of production has made it difficult for the businesses to operate in china which has decreased the profits. The other cost which is related to production of manufacturers in china is the risk which is associated with the protection of intellectual property. Foreign companies which have been operating in china have been in worry of guarding their intellectual property despite the significant attention it has been receiving only a

Virtual Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Virtual Reality - Essay Example The virtual reality systems play an important role in education and training. It provides a solution to some of the challenges that the students may be facing. Virtonomics is one of the existing systems that are widely used by the students during training. It enables the students to test their knowledge and skills in the virtual economy. This has played an important role in providing solutions to the challenges that the students are likely to face in the real world. Virtual reality systems are widely used for military combat training. It enables the recruits to carry out their training under a controlled environment where they can respond to different situations. Head mounted display together with virtual reality weapon is used during the training of the recruits. Virtual reality enables the solders to train under different terrains without necessarily visiting such terrains physically. The existing virtual reality is also used widely for the training of combat pilots. This enables t hem to obtain the skills required in the battle field. Virtual reality systems are also used during the tank drivers. The existing systems, therefore, play an important role in ensuring that different personnel can obtain the required experience. Virtual reality is also used in some of the countries for train firemen. In other countries, it is used for training the doctors to respond to a different live threatening situation of the patients. Virtual reality is also used for gaming. The head mounted display is usually used for gaming.

Public International Law Academic year 2010-2011 PROBLEM QUESTION Essay

Public International Law Academic year 2010-2011 PROBLEM QUESTION - Essay Example For one thing, this treaty came into force in the year 2000, that is, after the date of enforcement of Vienna Convention on January 27, 1980. Besides, it is also a written covenant and belongs to the genre of multilateral treaty having four different countries, A, B, C and D as signatories, whose governments would have, on the date of affirmation of contractual agreement in year 2000, agreed to be bound by the provisions of this economic covenant among these four countries for furthering mutual co-operation and accord. However, one aspect of this multilateral agreement stands out like a sore thumb, which is the aspect of peremptory norm. It is seen that under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, any covenant that is in direct confrontation with a peremptory law is void ab initio. However, it does delineate that the rule of force or coercion for gaining consent for multilateral treaties is not permissible. This aspect is also in direct conflict with the spirit of United Nations Organisation UNO) which prohibits the use of force or coercion in reaching global accords and contracts. In this case, it is believed that State D has decided to terminate its participation in the treaty, claiming that its ratification of the 2000 treaty was gained through coercion by the threat of economic sanctions by states A, B, and C. In the event that this contention is true, the agreement becomes void and in direct violation of Article 52 of Vienna Convention 1968, which states that â€Å"A treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations.† (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 18). However, it would be incumbent upon State D to prove that coercion has indeed taken place. However, the present government in State D

Developing A Mobile Application For Kingston Library Computer Science Essay

Developing A Mobile Application For Kingston Library Computer Science Essay As part of my course, I will be developing a mobile application for Kingston University Library for my dissertation. The application will be designed for Android devices. I chose Android platform because it is distributed under open source licence and becoming hugely popular. Also Android app developer can take advantage of the mobile hardware design and can sell the app easily in Android market. The main users of my application will be students where they can access the system by login using their ID and password. My application will have a library catalogue search feature which will return a brief summary, book details and availability for each entry. The application will also include basic information about all libraries, such as locations, opening times, contact details etc. Accessing the online resources and Epay are currently not included in the requirements but which can be implemented if time permits or at a later stage. As the code will be written in Java, JDK from Sun has to be installed on the system. I will be using Eclipse IDE to develop the application. Android developer website offers all the guidance and required tools needed to develop an Android app which will be extremely beneficial for me as I am completely new to mobile application development. The initial stages in project development will include SWOT analysis, Use Case diagrams, requirements specification, and UML diagrams. A project plan and a risk analysis has been devised for the smooth running of the project by taking into consideration of the varying demands of each phase. Introduction and Background Mobile devices have evolved significantly during the last decade making it a necessity in everyday life. They are now more than just a means to make a phone conversation. The smart phones cater for all kinds of users whether they want to do business or just to have fun. This created a boom in mobile software applications ranges from simple games to complex navigational systems. There are apps suitable for every customer making them a must have to make life a lot easier in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s busy lifestyle. The most popular Smartphones in the current industry are Apple iPhone, Blackberry, Microsoft Windows Mobile, Android and Symbian. I have chosen Android platform by Open Handset Alliance to develop my application because it is open source and its members such as Google, HTC and T-mobile offers extensive developer support through its developer website. According to market research Android phones are set to increase their current market share of 9% to 30% by 2014. As the Android market offers an online application store to download both paid and free apps for its customers it is easier to access a variety of Android apps. I will be developing an Android application for Kingston University Library System that will enable the students to access the library account to login, search books, renew books and access library hours, location and contact information. My initial approach will be to focus on Android platform but if possible I would develop this app compatible with other platforms as well. Some institutions such as Cambridge University have their library app already implemented. So this will be a first step towards having a mobile library application for Kingston University. I will be looking into other organisationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ mobile library applications as well to give me an insight into the field. The major stakeholders of this application will be I and students of Kingston University but maybe in the future this learning experience will enable me to develop apps for other institutions or create a universal library system by collaborating with other institutions. Aims and Objectives The main aim of the project will be to design and deliver a mobile application for the Kingston University Library on time. During this process I can learn about the latest trends and technologies available in the market so that after the completion of my course I can either secure a job in the mobile app development or work as a freelance app developer. This project will enable be to implement the skills I have learned so far during the course and widen my knowledge about mobile application development tools and techniques. I am hoping to produce a professional and effective library app for Kingston University. I will take this learning experience as an opportunity to explore the latest standards and approaches towards developing effective mobile applications. I am planning to implement extra functionalities that are not already available in other mobile apps such as adding credit to library card, though the security in mobile devices is questionable. Technologies and Resources Android software comes with an operating system, a middleware and key applications. It is a multi user Linux system in which each application is treated as a different user. The platform uses Java programming language. Android 2.3 is the latest version of Android operating system for Smartphone which will be used in developing my application. Android Architecture Following are the major development tools required: Sunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Java Development Kit Eclipse IDE Android Software Development Kit The Android Developer tool (ADT) Plug-in for Eclipse The Android emulator can be used to debug applications but latest Android phones such as Samsung Galaxy S || which uses Android 2.3 can be used to run the application in a real time environment. Kingston Universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current library system uses Aquabrowser by Serial Solutions which has a user friendly interface and a feature rich environment. It will be a challenge to implement all the features of Aquabrowser for a mobile device. So at this point I am concentrating on the basic library operations. During the project analysis phase, SWOT analysis will be executed to get a better understanding of the industry. A requirements analysis will be carried out to specify the functional and non-functional requirements. UML diagram is also very useful in plotting the activity and sequence diagrams so is the Use Case analysis. I will be adopting Agile software development approach to execute my project which involves iterations that are of short time frames. Project Planning A project plan has been developed using Gantt chart by breaking the project in to small manageable processes for the smooth operation. The duration allocated for each steps reflect the effort and skills needed, allocating maximum duration for implementation. Project Management Gantt Chart Tasks Start Date Duration End Date Project Proposal 01/02/2011 30 03/03/2011 Analysis 01/03/2011 32 02/04/2011 Design 02/04/2011 31 03/05/2011 Interim Report 20/06/2011 10 30/06/2011 Poster Presentation 24/06/2011 10 04/07/2011 Implementation 03/05/2011 83 25/07/2011 Evaluation 25/07/2011 21 15/08/2011 Documentation 15/08/2011 31 15/09/2011 Submission 15/09/2011 7 22/09/2011 Risk Assessment and Evaluation The major risks involved in this process that will make the project to fall behind schedule will be lack of development knowledge, hardware failure, and requirements modifications. I have developed an action plan to minimise these risks and any unforeseen circumstances not to affect the project deadline. Risks Action Requirements modifications Update the requirements and continue Conflict in requirements Update the requirements and continue Hardware failure Always back up, Locate alternatives Competitors new releases Propose something different Flaws in schedule Edit and update the schedule Lagging behind schedule Always keep a diary to note activities Poor productivity Update skills and allocate more time

The Many Benefits of Hybrid Cars Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

The Many Advantages of Hybrid Cars Picture yourself driving on the freeway. You are cruising along at about sixty-five miles per hour in your late model SUV. This is a typical morning for you until an electronic beep from within your dash catches your attention. When you look at your gauges, you see the low fuel light shining bright and orange. As you think to yourself, "I just filled this thing up a week ago," you glance up to see salvation in the form of a road sign: "Gas, next exit." "Thank you," you say, looking up. When you turn, however, you realize a new problem. The premium grade fuel with which you usually fill your tank is almost $2.00 per gallon. That means it would cost you $40.00 just to get through another week of commuting. We have all been in this, or a similar situation, especially with gas prices where they are and where they are expected to reach. There is now an answer to this problem of bad gas mileage, and also to the disgusting amount of toxins new cars are still pouring into the atmosphere. This answer is hybrid cars. Hybrid cars are an up-and-coming form of vehicle that mixes gasoline and electric motors to produce a high gas mileage/low emission vehicle. There are different ways in which the two types of power sources found on hybrid vehicles. There is one, called a parallel hybrid, that has a fuel tank to supply the gasoline engine, and a set of batteries to supply the power to the electric motor. The electric motor and gasoline engine both turn the transmission at the same time. The transmission, in turn, moves the wheels (Nice). Another type, the series hybrid, uses the gasoline engine to turn an electric generator. The generator then either powers the electric motor, which turns the t... ... at about sixty-five miles per hour. The large SUV in the next lane turns off towards a gas station. You look down at your gauge, thinking to yourself, "I probably filled up before him, and I still have a half of a tank. Now I remember why I bought this thing." Works Cited Hybrid Electric Vehicle Program. DOE. March 26, 2004. http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/ "Hyper-Mileage Hybrids: 2002 Toyota Prius vs. 2003 Honda Civic: Science fair exhibits or real cars?" Motor Trend. August 2002: Pages 69-74 Mileage. HybridCars.com. March 25, 2004. http://www.hyridcars.com/mileage.html Nice, Karim. How Hybrid Cars Work. Howstuffworks. March 25, 2004. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car.htm Oil Dependency. HybridCars.com. March 25, 2004. http://www.hybridcars.com/oil.html The Cars. Hybridcars.com. March 25, 2004. http://www.hybridcar.com/cars.html

Psychology and Behavior

1. Abstract The research area is classroom management, and specifically dealing with student’s behavior problems in a real classroom situation. It is universally recognized that the teacher is the key person in an education system and a well-managed classroom can provide an exciting and dynamic learning experience for everyone involved. The main objective of the research is to identify approaches for managing student behavior in order to apply valuable ways to achieve effective and positive classroom management.The present research was cross-sectional, and researcher used this type of research because it can be both qualitative and quantitative. Researcher hence endeavors to collect information from a smaller group or subset of the population in such a way that knowledge gained is representative of total population of the study. 2. Introduction Statement of the research is â€Å"Student Behavior Problems† The present research was cross-sectional as the researcher focuse d on one particular point. The major advantage of cross-sectional research is that data can be collected from different type of people in a short time period.The researcher used this type of research because it can be both qualitative and quantitative. The Researcher used non-probability sampling for this study. The sampling framework which suited the research was convenience sampling. The researcher used the questionnaire survey and classroom observation as research tool. 2. 1. Research Problem How should a teacher deals with students’ behavior problems in a practical classroom situation? 2. 2. Sampling Detail When defining the population upon which the research is to be focused, the researcher must take sampling decisions in the overall planning of the research.Due to the factors of expense, time and accessibility it may not be possible or practical to obtain measures from a population. Researchers, hence endeavor to collect information from a smaller group or subset of the population in such a way that knowledge gained is representative of total population of the study. The Researcher used non-probability sampling for this study. The sampling framework which suited the research was convenience sampling. It involves the nearest convenient individuals to serve as respondents and continuing the process until the required sample size has been obtained.Non-probability sampling is best suited for a small scale survey. It’s far less complicated to set up, less expensive and adequate if researchers don’t intend to generalize the findings beyond the sample in question. The researcher visited 5 English medium schools for questionnaire survey and classroom observation, which were located in urban area of Lahore city. All the schools were private and all girls’ institutions. The researcher observed the students of Grade 7th in the real classroom situation and tried to assess the ways teachers can control/minimize misbehavior in their classro oms.The total number of sample population was 60 students. Age of the students was 12-13 years old. Next chapter talks about the literature review. 3. Literature Review 3. 1. What Is Classroom Management? Classroom management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by students. The term also implies the prevention of disruptive behavior. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers and indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether. Canter. 1997) Teachers feel overwhelmed and â€Å"powerless† in dealing with behavior problems in their classrooms. Canter (1997) pointed out that in the past, a simple stem look or warning was sufficient to shape up a classroom. â€Å"Misbehavior,† as Doyle contends, â€Å"is any action by one or more students that threatens to disrupt the activity flow or pull the class toward a program of a ction that threatens the safety of the group or violates norm of appropriate classroom behavior held by the teacher, the students, or the school's staff† (Doyle, 1986; p. 396). 3. . The Emphasis in Classroom Management 3. 3. Influences on Classroom Management: According to Emmer and Stough (2001), some studies have used student achievement or attitude as outcomes. But most classroom management research today has been concerned with identifying how teachers bring about student engagement with each other and limit the disruptions in the classroom. The following account will summarize the work of some important behavior theorists and in turn will identify the influences that each has made on classroom behavior and management. 3. 3. 1.Burrhus Frederick Skinner Burrhus Frederick Skinner's philosophies can be related to the issue of classroom management. Skinner (Sprinthall, 1981) emphasized his research on how the organism learns, regardless of its inherited potential, regardless o f its stage of physical or psychological development, and often regardless of its species. In regards to the classroom, Skinner (Conte, 1994) stated that by rewarding students for good behavior and ignoring or punishing wrong behavior, students would come to understand how to behave in a classroom environment. . 3. 2. William Glasser Glasser's Reality Therapy (Emmer and Stough, 2001) stressed the use of choice as the cause of behavior, good or bad, and thus instructed teachers to direct students towards making value judgments about their behavior. By making value judgments, students would come to realize the importance of â€Å"good† choices in behavior and continue to make them again in the future. Therefore, students were taught the difference between a â€Å"good judgment†, and a â€Å"bad judgment.In today's classrooms, rewards are given for â€Å"good choices† and consequences are given for â€Å"bad choices†. This process t is used to promote good behavior and diminish bad behavior in the classroom. 3. 3. 3. Jacob Kounin Jacob Kounin and his colleagues engaged in substantial classroom management research. His work focused on determining whether specific behavior settings and environmental conditions influenced behavior. He also identified a set of teacher behaviors and lesson characteristics, including, wittiness, smoothness, momentum, overlapping and group alerting.These characteristics would describe a teacher who knew what was going on at all times in the classroom and was able to deal with more than one issue or problem at a time. Kounin (Conte, 1994) thought teachers who could be that â€Å"aware† would be better managers of children in the classroom. 3. 3. 4. Abraham H. Maslow Maslow's research on hierarchy of needs has also influenced effective classroom management. Helping students meet their own needs is of the utmost importance to enhance student learning opportunities and to maintain teacher longevity in the classroom.Maslow (as cited in Sprinthall, 1981, p. 327) an important psychologist in the area of motivation theory, has suggested that there is a definite order in which individuals attempt to satisfy their needs. Maslow had declared there is an â€Å"order-of-importance† that is universal among all humans. Herbert Grossman (Gordon, 2001) recaps students' basic needs and the order which those needs must be met to produce well balanced members of society. 3. 4. Role of Teacher as Classroom Manager:According to Honeyford (1982) a major limiting factor in any classroom is the teacher; not only do his character, personality and competence play a large part in determining the atmosphere of the lesson, the sort of relationships which exist, the styles of communication and the rules and regulations governing the formalities, but the teacher also performs a key role in influencing the pupils’ view of himself and the sort of progress he/she makes. Successful classroom manageme nt has been defined as producing a high rate of work involvement with a low rate of deviancy in academic settings (Laslett and Smith, 1984).Well-managed classrooms did not result from magic, but that carefully established and maintained procedures should be at work (Sadker and Sadker, 1997). 3. 4. 1. Time management skill Academic learning time in the classroom has emerged as an important variable. Studies have shown that the amount of on-task behavior can vary as much as 40 percent from one classroom to the next. Even how quickly a teacher calls the class to order can vary all the way from one to ten minutes. Thus, how fficiently you have your lessons, how long you take to get started, how you handle digressions, off-task behavior, discipline and how you handle transitions will have an effect on student learning(Walberg,1988). 3. 4. 2. Seating arrangement Arrangements of space and furniture in ways that bunch students together or obstruct the teacher’s view make it more diff icult for a teacher to detect behavior task initiations early (Duke and Rehage, 1979). Seating arrangement must depend on the type of lesson to be taught, and the type of classroom furniture.Proper arrangement of furniture also contributes to the functionality of classrooms. Furniture is arranged so that students are oriented to the primary source or sources of information (e. g. , the teacher, audio-visual materials), while at the same time having access to other sources of activities (e. g. , work areas, computers) without disturbing in the classroom (Nitsaisook and Anderson, 1989). According to Anderson (1991) desks, chairs and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways; light and temperature can be increased or decreased. 3. 4. 3. Discipline in the classroomCallahan (1996) asserts that the best classroom environment is one that results in efficient learning. Discipline involves employing guidance and teaching techniques to encourage students to become self directive and thus to create an atmosphere conducive to learning. A teacher establishes classroom rules either with his or her students or before the school year begins. Rules are best if they are few in number, simple and easy to understand, and fair. Also rules should be posted in the classroom for all to see, and the teacher should go over the rules on the first day of school. 3. 4. 4.Dealing with disruptive students In order to handle misbehaving student, the following suggestions may prove helpful: †¢Deal with the present, current problem immediately, not with the past instances of the student misbehavior. †¢Talk to the student directly, instead of talking about him with others. †¢Don’t be harsh and provoked. Stay calm and address firmly. Anger, empty threats and physical handling must be avoided. †¢If the student’s misbehavior is impeding the teacher in teaching, â€Å"1statements† be used by explaining to the student why you are upset by his behavior. 3. 4 . 5. Exhibit Assertive BehaviorAssertive behavior differs significantly from both passive behavior and aggressive behavior. This researcher Emmer elaborates that teacher’s display assertive behavior in the classroom when they: †¢Use assertive body language by maintaining an erect posture, facing the offending student but keeping enough distance so as not to appear threatening and matching the facial expression with the content of the message being presented to students. †¢Use an appropriate tone of voice, speaking clearly and deliberately in a pitch that is slightly but not greatly elevated from normal classroom speech, avoiding any display of emotions in the voice. Persist until students respond with the appropriate behavior. Do not ignore an inappropriate behavior; do not be diverted by a student denying, arguing, or blaming, but listen to legitimate explanations. 3. 5. Addressing Problematic Student Behavior Reports of problematic behaviors are on the rise nation ally in Pakistan, not only in the classroom but in society at large (Kowalski, 2003). Some of these immature, irritating, or thoughtless behaviors or â€Å"classroom incivilities† include: †¢Lateness or leaving early †¢Side conversations †¢Disregard for deadlines Grade grubbing †¢Sniping remarks †¢Cheating These behaviors are not just instructors’ pet peeves; they have real costs including: †¢Distracting other students and instructor in class †¢Reducing student participation †¢Lowering other students' and instructor’s motivation in or out of class †¢Affecting fairness in grading †¢Using instructor time unproductively †¢Feeling disrespected as a fellow learner or authority figure 3. 6. Possible Causes: In order to limit or deal effectively with these behaviors, it is important to understand the factors that cause or facilitate them. . 6. 1. Attention Dreikurs believed that most students start misbehaving by s eeking attention, and when this fails, they move on to more problematic goal-seeking behaviors, such as power. 3. 6. 2. Power Some students don't hesitate to take a stand on matters important to them and are often disruptive and confrontational in reaching their goal. 3. 6. 3. Revenge Some students compensate for real or imagined hurt feelings and they target teacher or students for revenge. Revenge may come in the form of a physical and/or psychological attack. 3. 6. . Avoidance of Failure Wanting to avoid repeated failure, some students appear to be discouraged and helpless. This phenomenon, described as â€Å"learned helplessness† by psychologists, is characteristic of students who fail needlessly because they do not invest their best efforts. `3. 7. Possible Strategies: Sorcinelli (2002) suggests 4 principles to reduce incivilities. The principles are broad and so each one can be used to generate several concrete strategies. 3. 7. 1. Define expectations at the outset. â⠂¬ ¢Make good use of the first day of class.Use the first day to create the right climate for productive interaction. †¢Allow student participation in setting ground rules. Having students participate in setting the rules for classroom behavior and interaction 3. 7. 2. Decrease anonymity †¢Engage students one-on-one. Use the time right before and after class to make small talk with students. Ask about the weekend, or the homework, or common interests. †¢Learn and use names consistently and let students know that you are trying to memorize their names in the first weeks. 3. 7. 3. Encourage active learning.Meaningful engagement has obvious benefits for student learning and performance, but it can also bring some side benefits with respect to student behavior in the classroom. In fact, Sorcinelli (1991) points out that in classes that use active learning effectively, students †¢Feel more responsible for coming to class, and coming prepared †¢Pay more attention in class †¢Feel more responsible for their learning. The next chapter deals with research methodology. 4. Research Methodology In this chapter of research methodology, researcher has talked about the main research questions, research instruments and procedure. . 1. Research Questions: The present study focused on the following two questions: 4. 1. 1. How can the teacher maintain positive student behavior in the classrooms? 4. 1. 2. How far do the classroom rules have a significant effect on student’s behavior? 4. 2. Participants When defining the population upon which the research is to be focused, the researcher must take sampling decisions in the overall planning of the research. Due to the factors of expense, time and accessibility it may not be possible or practical to obtain measures from a population.Researchers, hence endeavor to collect information from a smaller group or subset of the population in such a way that knowledge gained is representative of total popu lation of the study. The Researcher used non-probability sampling for this study. The sampling framework which suited the research was convenience sampling. It involves the nearest convenient individuals to serve as respondents and continuing the process until the required sample size has been obtained. Non-probability sampling is best suited for a small scale survey.It’s far less complicated to set up, less expensive and adequate if researchers don’t intend to generalize the findings beyond the sample in question. The researcher visited 5 English medium schools for questionnaire survey and classroom observation, which were located in urban area of Lahore city. All the schools were private and all girls’ institutions. The researcher observed the students of Grade 7th in the real classroom situation and tried to assess the ways teachers can control/minimize misbehavior in their classrooms. The total number of sample population was 60 students.Age of the students was 12-13 years old. 4. 3. Research Instruments: The researcher used two tools. 4. 3. 1. Questionnaire Survey Questionnaires were used by the researcher to obtain the required data. It was an easier way to get relevant data from a large population. The researcher distributed questionnaires among 30 teachers and asked them to fill in their responses. The questionnaire was piloted before it was given to the participants. The questionnaires were administered to middle school teachers and the responds were examined. In this way data was collected from English medium schools of Lahore.Questionnaire contain 20 questions, among them 15 questions are close ended and 5 questions are open ended. Questionnaires can provide quantitative data using closed (or fixed-response) questions, where the respondent is presented with a number of alternative responses to a question and asked to mark the one that they feel is most appropriate. Researcher has used licked scale for this, which include five op tions such as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Closed questions have been criticised for forcing people to choose their answer from the alternatives provided rather than answering in their own words.Qualitative data can be gathered using open (or free-response) questions to which respondents are asked to write their own answer 4. 3. 2. Classroom Observation Classroom Observation was undertaken in order to get a proper insight into the problem being explored. The researcher undertook four classroom observations that are widely used to measure changes in classroom behaviors. Classroom observation is confidential and it is an objective recording of what the instructor is doing and saying, what the students are doing and saying and interactions between the instructor and students.The researcher visited 5 different schools, and observed the students of Grade 7th in the real classroom situation. Classroom observation as a research and evaluation method can p rovide reliable and valid data on how teachers and students behave in the classroom before and after an intervention. It will explain the criteria for selecting an appropriate classroom observation protocol and examine under what circumstances classroom observation protocols can be used effectively.In the context of the current study special emphasis was placed on the use of classroom observation to examine how the teacher dealt with problematic students in the real classroom situation. 4. 4. Pilot Testing Both the research instruments, questionnaire and classroom observation was piloted before it was given to the participants. 4. 5. Ethical Considerations The information provided by the participants should remain confidential. For this purpose of confidentiality, informed consent form was signed by all the participants before the study was started. 4. 6. ProcedureThe researcher distributed questionnaires among 30 teachers and asked them to fill in their responses. The questionnaire s were administered to middle school teachers and the responds were examined. In this way data was collected from English medium schools of Lahore. Researcher distributed questionnaire among participants and collect the filled questionnaires from them next day. Researchers left the questionnaires with the participants and give them time of one day, so that they can have enough time to fill them. 5. Analysis For the coding of data, researcher runs spss. . Conclusion The effective use of behavioral and cognitive strategies in the classroom may appear daunting even to experienced teachers. The purpose of this research was to determine which management techniques and practices were most effective in the classroom in controlling student behavior, based upon critical analysis of the research literature. The aim of the research was to enable students to develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes about classroom management and the objective was to identify approaches for managing student b ehavior.However, changing your behavior and strategies is often the most efficient and effective means of improving all types of classroom behaviors, both disruptive and non-disruptive. So is has been concluded after the research that teachers first need to understand these problems regarding students behavior and then try to find solutions by seeing the world through the eyes of their students. And then developing and using a set of intervention strategies on a regular basis, problems of emotions and behavior can be effectively managed and changed in the classroom. Psychology and Behavior 1. Abstract The research area is classroom management, and specifically dealing with student’s behavior problems in a real classroom situation. It is universally recognized that the teacher is the key person in an education system and a well-managed classroom can provide an exciting and dynamic learning experience for everyone involved. The main objective of the research is to identify approaches for managing student behavior in order to apply valuable ways to achieve effective and positive classroom management.The present research was cross-sectional, and researcher used this type of research because it can be both qualitative and quantitative. Researcher hence endeavors to collect information from a smaller group or subset of the population in such a way that knowledge gained is representative of total population of the study. 2. Introduction Statement of the research is â€Å"Student Behavior Problems† The present research was cross-sectional as the researcher focuse d on one particular point. The major advantage of cross-sectional research is that data can be collected from different type of people in a short time period.The researcher used this type of research because it can be both qualitative and quantitative. The Researcher used non-probability sampling for this study. The sampling framework which suited the research was convenience sampling. The researcher used the questionnaire survey and classroom observation as research tool. 2. 1. Research Problem How should a teacher deals with students’ behavior problems in a practical classroom situation? 2. 2. Sampling Detail When defining the population upon which the research is to be focused, the researcher must take sampling decisions in the overall planning of the research.Due to the factors of expense, time and accessibility it may not be possible or practical to obtain measures from a population. Researchers, hence endeavor to collect information from a smaller group or subset of the population in such a way that knowledge gained is representative of total population of the study. The Researcher used non-probability sampling for this study. The sampling framework which suited the research was convenience sampling. It involves the nearest convenient individuals to serve as respondents and continuing the process until the required sample size has been obtained.Non-probability sampling is best suited for a small scale survey. It’s far less complicated to set up, less expensive and adequate if researchers don’t intend to generalize the findings beyond the sample in question. The researcher visited 5 English medium schools for questionnaire survey and classroom observation, which were located in urban area of Lahore city. All the schools were private and all girls’ institutions. The researcher observed the students of Grade 7th in the real classroom situation and tried to assess the ways teachers can control/minimize misbehavior in their classro oms.The total number of sample population was 60 students. Age of the students was 12-13 years old. Next chapter talks about the literature review. 3. Literature Review 3. 1. What Is Classroom Management? Classroom management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by students. The term also implies the prevention of disruptive behavior. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers and indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether. Canter. 1997) Teachers feel overwhelmed and â€Å"powerless† in dealing with behavior problems in their classrooms. Canter (1997) pointed out that in the past, a simple stem look or warning was sufficient to shape up a classroom. â€Å"Misbehavior,† as Doyle contends, â€Å"is any action by one or more students that threatens to disrupt the activity flow or pull the class toward a program of a ction that threatens the safety of the group or violates norm of appropriate classroom behavior held by the teacher, the students, or the school's staff† (Doyle, 1986; p. 396). 3. . The Emphasis in Classroom Management 3. 3. Influences on Classroom Management: According to Emmer and Stough (2001), some studies have used student achievement or attitude as outcomes. But most classroom management research today has been concerned with identifying how teachers bring about student engagement with each other and limit the disruptions in the classroom. The following account will summarize the work of some important behavior theorists and in turn will identify the influences that each has made on classroom behavior and management. 3. 3. 1.Burrhus Frederick Skinner Burrhus Frederick Skinner's philosophies can be related to the issue of classroom management. Skinner (Sprinthall, 1981) emphasized his research on how the organism learns, regardless of its inherited potential, regardless o f its stage of physical or psychological development, and often regardless of its species. In regards to the classroom, Skinner (Conte, 1994) stated that by rewarding students for good behavior and ignoring or punishing wrong behavior, students would come to understand how to behave in a classroom environment. . 3. 2. William Glasser Glasser's Reality Therapy (Emmer and Stough, 2001) stressed the use of choice as the cause of behavior, good or bad, and thus instructed teachers to direct students towards making value judgments about their behavior. By making value judgments, students would come to realize the importance of â€Å"good† choices in behavior and continue to make them again in the future. Therefore, students were taught the difference between a â€Å"good judgment†, and a â€Å"bad judgment.In today's classrooms, rewards are given for â€Å"good choices† and consequences are given for â€Å"bad choices†. This process t is used to promote good behavior and diminish bad behavior in the classroom. 3. 3. 3. Jacob Kounin Jacob Kounin and his colleagues engaged in substantial classroom management research. His work focused on determining whether specific behavior settings and environmental conditions influenced behavior. He also identified a set of teacher behaviors and lesson characteristics, including, wittiness, smoothness, momentum, overlapping and group alerting.These characteristics would describe a teacher who knew what was going on at all times in the classroom and was able to deal with more than one issue or problem at a time. Kounin (Conte, 1994) thought teachers who could be that â€Å"aware† would be better managers of children in the classroom. 3. 3. 4. Abraham H. Maslow Maslow's research on hierarchy of needs has also influenced effective classroom management. Helping students meet their own needs is of the utmost importance to enhance student learning opportunities and to maintain teacher longevity in the classroom.Maslow (as cited in Sprinthall, 1981, p. 327) an important psychologist in the area of motivation theory, has suggested that there is a definite order in which individuals attempt to satisfy their needs. Maslow had declared there is an â€Å"order-of-importance† that is universal among all humans. Herbert Grossman (Gordon, 2001) recaps students' basic needs and the order which those needs must be met to produce well balanced members of society. 3. 4. Role of Teacher as Classroom Manager:According to Honeyford (1982) a major limiting factor in any classroom is the teacher; not only do his character, personality and competence play a large part in determining the atmosphere of the lesson, the sort of relationships which exist, the styles of communication and the rules and regulations governing the formalities, but the teacher also performs a key role in influencing the pupils’ view of himself and the sort of progress he/she makes. Successful classroom manageme nt has been defined as producing a high rate of work involvement with a low rate of deviancy in academic settings (Laslett and Smith, 1984).Well-managed classrooms did not result from magic, but that carefully established and maintained procedures should be at work (Sadker and Sadker, 1997). 3. 4. 1. Time management skill Academic learning time in the classroom has emerged as an important variable. Studies have shown that the amount of on-task behavior can vary as much as 40 percent from one classroom to the next. Even how quickly a teacher calls the class to order can vary all the way from one to ten minutes. Thus, how fficiently you have your lessons, how long you take to get started, how you handle digressions, off-task behavior, discipline and how you handle transitions will have an effect on student learning(Walberg,1988). 3. 4. 2. Seating arrangement Arrangements of space and furniture in ways that bunch students together or obstruct the teacher’s view make it more diff icult for a teacher to detect behavior task initiations early (Duke and Rehage, 1979). Seating arrangement must depend on the type of lesson to be taught, and the type of classroom furniture.Proper arrangement of furniture also contributes to the functionality of classrooms. Furniture is arranged so that students are oriented to the primary source or sources of information (e. g. , the teacher, audio-visual materials), while at the same time having access to other sources of activities (e. g. , work areas, computers) without disturbing in the classroom (Nitsaisook and Anderson, 1989). According to Anderson (1991) desks, chairs and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways; light and temperature can be increased or decreased. 3. 4. 3. Discipline in the classroomCallahan (1996) asserts that the best classroom environment is one that results in efficient learning. Discipline involves employing guidance and teaching techniques to encourage students to become self directive and thus to create an atmosphere conducive to learning. A teacher establishes classroom rules either with his or her students or before the school year begins. Rules are best if they are few in number, simple and easy to understand, and fair. Also rules should be posted in the classroom for all to see, and the teacher should go over the rules on the first day of school. 3. 4. 4.Dealing with disruptive students In order to handle misbehaving student, the following suggestions may prove helpful: †¢Deal with the present, current problem immediately, not with the past instances of the student misbehavior. †¢Talk to the student directly, instead of talking about him with others. †¢Don’t be harsh and provoked. Stay calm and address firmly. Anger, empty threats and physical handling must be avoided. †¢If the student’s misbehavior is impeding the teacher in teaching, â€Å"1statements† be used by explaining to the student why you are upset by his behavior. 3. 4 . 5. Exhibit Assertive BehaviorAssertive behavior differs significantly from both passive behavior and aggressive behavior. This researcher Emmer elaborates that teacher’s display assertive behavior in the classroom when they: †¢Use assertive body language by maintaining an erect posture, facing the offending student but keeping enough distance so as not to appear threatening and matching the facial expression with the content of the message being presented to students. †¢Use an appropriate tone of voice, speaking clearly and deliberately in a pitch that is slightly but not greatly elevated from normal classroom speech, avoiding any display of emotions in the voice. Persist until students respond with the appropriate behavior. Do not ignore an inappropriate behavior; do not be diverted by a student denying, arguing, or blaming, but listen to legitimate explanations. 3. 5. Addressing Problematic Student Behavior Reports of problematic behaviors are on the rise nation ally in Pakistan, not only in the classroom but in society at large (Kowalski, 2003). Some of these immature, irritating, or thoughtless behaviors or â€Å"classroom incivilities† include: †¢Lateness or leaving early †¢Side conversations †¢Disregard for deadlines Grade grubbing †¢Sniping remarks †¢Cheating These behaviors are not just instructors’ pet peeves; they have real costs including: †¢Distracting other students and instructor in class †¢Reducing student participation †¢Lowering other students' and instructor’s motivation in or out of class †¢Affecting fairness in grading †¢Using instructor time unproductively †¢Feeling disrespected as a fellow learner or authority figure 3. 6. Possible Causes: In order to limit or deal effectively with these behaviors, it is important to understand the factors that cause or facilitate them. . 6. 1. Attention Dreikurs believed that most students start misbehaving by s eeking attention, and when this fails, they move on to more problematic goal-seeking behaviors, such as power. 3. 6. 2. Power Some students don't hesitate to take a stand on matters important to them and are often disruptive and confrontational in reaching their goal. 3. 6. 3. Revenge Some students compensate for real or imagined hurt feelings and they target teacher or students for revenge. Revenge may come in the form of a physical and/or psychological attack. 3. 6. . Avoidance of Failure Wanting to avoid repeated failure, some students appear to be discouraged and helpless. This phenomenon, described as â€Å"learned helplessness† by psychologists, is characteristic of students who fail needlessly because they do not invest their best efforts. `3. 7. Possible Strategies: Sorcinelli (2002) suggests 4 principles to reduce incivilities. The principles are broad and so each one can be used to generate several concrete strategies. 3. 7. 1. Define expectations at the outset. â⠂¬ ¢Make good use of the first day of class.Use the first day to create the right climate for productive interaction. †¢Allow student participation in setting ground rules. Having students participate in setting the rules for classroom behavior and interaction 3. 7. 2. Decrease anonymity †¢Engage students one-on-one. Use the time right before and after class to make small talk with students. Ask about the weekend, or the homework, or common interests. †¢Learn and use names consistently and let students know that you are trying to memorize their names in the first weeks. 3. 7. 3. Encourage active learning.Meaningful engagement has obvious benefits for student learning and performance, but it can also bring some side benefits with respect to student behavior in the classroom. In fact, Sorcinelli (1991) points out that in classes that use active learning effectively, students †¢Feel more responsible for coming to class, and coming prepared †¢Pay more attention in class †¢Feel more responsible for their learning. The next chapter deals with research methodology. 4. Research Methodology In this chapter of research methodology, researcher has talked about the main research questions, research instruments and procedure. . 1. Research Questions: The present study focused on the following two questions: 4. 1. 1. How can the teacher maintain positive student behavior in the classrooms? 4. 1. 2. How far do the classroom rules have a significant effect on student’s behavior? 4. 2. Participants When defining the population upon which the research is to be focused, the researcher must take sampling decisions in the overall planning of the research. Due to the factors of expense, time and accessibility it may not be possible or practical to obtain measures from a population.Researchers, hence endeavor to collect information from a smaller group or subset of the population in such a way that knowledge gained is representative of total popu lation of the study. The Researcher used non-probability sampling for this study. The sampling framework which suited the research was convenience sampling. It involves the nearest convenient individuals to serve as respondents and continuing the process until the required sample size has been obtained. Non-probability sampling is best suited for a small scale survey.It’s far less complicated to set up, less expensive and adequate if researchers don’t intend to generalize the findings beyond the sample in question. The researcher visited 5 English medium schools for questionnaire survey and classroom observation, which were located in urban area of Lahore city. All the schools were private and all girls’ institutions. The researcher observed the students of Grade 7th in the real classroom situation and tried to assess the ways teachers can control/minimize misbehavior in their classrooms. The total number of sample population was 60 students.Age of the students was 12-13 years old. 4. 3. Research Instruments: The researcher used two tools. 4. 3. 1. Questionnaire Survey Questionnaires were used by the researcher to obtain the required data. It was an easier way to get relevant data from a large population. The researcher distributed questionnaires among 30 teachers and asked them to fill in their responses. The questionnaire was piloted before it was given to the participants. The questionnaires were administered to middle school teachers and the responds were examined. In this way data was collected from English medium schools of Lahore.Questionnaire contain 20 questions, among them 15 questions are close ended and 5 questions are open ended. Questionnaires can provide quantitative data using closed (or fixed-response) questions, where the respondent is presented with a number of alternative responses to a question and asked to mark the one that they feel is most appropriate. Researcher has used licked scale for this, which include five op tions such as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Closed questions have been criticised for forcing people to choose their answer from the alternatives provided rather than answering in their own words.Qualitative data can be gathered using open (or free-response) questions to which respondents are asked to write their own answer 4. 3. 2. Classroom Observation Classroom Observation was undertaken in order to get a proper insight into the problem being explored. The researcher undertook four classroom observations that are widely used to measure changes in classroom behaviors. Classroom observation is confidential and it is an objective recording of what the instructor is doing and saying, what the students are doing and saying and interactions between the instructor and students.The researcher visited 5 different schools, and observed the students of Grade 7th in the real classroom situation. Classroom observation as a research and evaluation method can p rovide reliable and valid data on how teachers and students behave in the classroom before and after an intervention. It will explain the criteria for selecting an appropriate classroom observation protocol and examine under what circumstances classroom observation protocols can be used effectively.In the context of the current study special emphasis was placed on the use of classroom observation to examine how the teacher dealt with problematic students in the real classroom situation. 4. 4. Pilot Testing Both the research instruments, questionnaire and classroom observation was piloted before it was given to the participants. 4. 5. Ethical Considerations The information provided by the participants should remain confidential. For this purpose of confidentiality, informed consent form was signed by all the participants before the study was started. 4. 6. ProcedureThe researcher distributed questionnaires among 30 teachers and asked them to fill in their responses. The questionnaire s were administered to middle school teachers and the responds were examined. In this way data was collected from English medium schools of Lahore. Researcher distributed questionnaire among participants and collect the filled questionnaires from them next day. Researchers left the questionnaires with the participants and give them time of one day, so that they can have enough time to fill them. 5. Analysis For the coding of data, researcher runs spss. . Conclusion The effective use of behavioral and cognitive strategies in the classroom may appear daunting even to experienced teachers. The purpose of this research was to determine which management techniques and practices were most effective in the classroom in controlling student behavior, based upon critical analysis of the research literature. The aim of the research was to enable students to develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes about classroom management and the objective was to identify approaches for managing student b ehavior.However, changing your behavior and strategies is often the most efficient and effective means of improving all types of classroom behaviors, both disruptive and non-disruptive. So is has been concluded after the research that teachers first need to understand these problems regarding students behavior and then try to find solutions by seeing the world through the eyes of their students. And then developing and using a set of intervention strategies on a regular basis, problems of emotions and behavior can be effectively managed and changed in the classroom.

Books to Inspire the Writer in Your Life

Books to Inspire the Writer in Your Life Looking for the perfect gift to inspire the writer in your life? Check out our list of great books chosen by writers for writers.Writing Tools: 55 Essential Strategies for Every Writer†¯(1st edition) by†¯Roy Peter ClarkWriting Tools: 55 Essential Strategies for Every Writer is an excellent mix of reference and inspiration for writers of just about any genre. The author, Roy Peter Clark,†¯is a writing coach and senior scholar at the†¯Poynter Institute for Media Studies, a journalism think-tank, and is the founder of the National Writers Workshop. In this book, Clark offers tools to help writers strengthen their craft and their chances of getting published. The book also offers examples from literature and journalism to show these writing tools in action.On Writing: 10th Anniversary Edition: A Memoir of the Craft†¯Paperback†¯Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Special Edition by†¯Stephen KingFew modern writers are as prolific and successful as Stephen King, which is why his hal f biography/half how-to-manual, On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft, is such a great read. In it, he talks about the basic tools of his trade, including how and why a writer should always have them on hand, so its highly informative. He also has a lot of inspirational advice for writers dealing with rejection and trying to set positive and productive work habits in their daily writing practice.Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life 1st Edition, Kindle Edition by Anne LamotBird by Bird offers a lot of personal anecdotes and inspirational words based on the experiences of Anne Lamot, an American novelist and non-fiction writer whose biting wit and self-depreciating humor will appeal to many writers. Beyond telling the story of her own writing inspiration and processes, she also discusses the challenges and multiple drafts that often go into getting published. A great example of her style and approach is the following quote taken from Bird by Bird:Writing and reading decreas e our sense of isolation. They deepen and widen and expand our sense of life: they feed the soul. When writers make us shake our heads with the exactness of their prose and their truths, and even make us laugh about ourselves or life, our buoyancy is restored. We are given a shot at dancing with, or at least clapping along with, the absurdity of life, instead of being squashed by it over and over again. Its like singing on a boat during a terrible storm at sea. You cant stop the raging storm, but singing can change the hearts and spirits of the people who are together on that ship.Anne LamotWriting Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within†¯Paperback†¯ by†¯Natalie GoldbergNatalie Goldberg is an American author and speaker who is best known for her books that explore the process of writing as Zen practice. Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within is part of that exploration. Her approach is sometimes comical, sometimes practical, and always insightful as she o ffers encouragement and advice to writers looking to perfect their craft. Heres a great example:We are important and our lives are important, magnificent really, and their details are worthy to be recorded. This is how writers must think, this is how we must sit down with pen in hand. We were here; we are human beings; this is how we lived. Let it be known, the earth passed before us. Our details are important. Otherwise, if they are not, we can drop a bomb and it doesnt matter†¦ Recording the details of our lives is a stance against bombs with their mass ability to kill, against too much speed and efficiency. A writer must say yes to life, to all of life: the water glasses, the Kemps half-and-half, the ketchup on the counter.Natalie GoldbergWriters Market 2018: The Most Trusted Guide to Getting Published†¯(97th Edition)The Writers Market is an indispensable resource for writers looking for publishing opportunities- from book publishing to writing contests to everything in between. It contains an extensive list of the contact information of book publishers, magazines, awards and contests, and literary agents, along with a brief description of each. Indexed by subject, each listing also includes valuable information such as submission guidelines and whether the publication prefers solicited or unsolicited entries. This new edition goes even further and includes information about the business of writing- from marketing and developing your author brand, to writing better query letters to increase your chances of acceptance. It also includes exclusive access to the webinar Funding Your Writing Career from C. Hope Clark, founder of FundsForWriters.com.Wired for Story: The Writers Guide to Using Brain Science to Hook Readers from the Very First Sentence by†¯Lisa CronTaking a different approach than the many self-help books on the market available for writers, in Wired for Story, author Lisa Cron focuses on how writers tap into the evolutionary purpose of storytelling, and how the human brain is wired for hearing tales. Approaching this topic in great depth, including recent breakthroughs in neuroscience, Cron reveals a process to storytelling that is as old as the art itself, and how authors can tap into that for modern audiences. Any writer will have to agree that it is an interesting angle to the art of writing, especially when Cron discusses what triggers dopamine rushes, how we are hardwired to need to know whats next, and how the human brain experiences a story.Rogets Thesaurus of Words for Writers: Over 2,300 Emotive, Evocative, Descriptive Synonyms, Antonyms, and Related Terms Every Writer Should Know†¯by†¯David Olsen†¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯et al.Rogets Thesaurus has been a trusted name as a writing resource since 1852. However, Rogets Thesaurus of Words for Writers goes a step beyond the well-loved thesaurus. Part thesaurus, part phrase book, this resource is the perfect way for writers to find the right word when its on the tip of their tongue (or fingers, as the case may be). Each word or phrase listing includes a pronunciation guide, definition, antonyms, synonyms, and a sample sentence using it in context. When inspiration is lacking or a writer feels stuck in a pattern, its a great way to find new words that sound fresh and unique to add impressive variety to any portfolio.Romance Writers Phrase Book: The Essential Source Book for Every Romantic Novelist by†¯Jean Kent and Candace SheltonDanielle Steel, Nicholas Sparks, Nora Roberts- the top-selling contemporary romance writers know how to make their audience fall in love over and over again with characters that come to life within the pages of their novels. And they do it with modern plots and words that go beyond the stereotypical passionate language of romance novels in the past. With phrases tagged for categories like physical description, facial expressions, voices, sex, body movements, eyes, and emotions, The Romantic Writers Phrase Book†¯is an indispensable resource for writers seeking to write the next bestselling romance novel.Action Writers Phrase Book: Essential Reference for All Authors of Action, Adventure Thrillers (Writers Phrase Books) (Volume 3) by†¯Jackson Dean ChaseIf your goal is to write a great action novel, Jackson Dead Chases Action Writers Phrase Book will shoot writers block out of the water with over 2,000 listings for describing weapons, wounds, explosions, and more. Whether your weapons and battles are historical, contemporary, or futuristic, this resource will help you make sure your descriptions are accurate and believable. Chase has also written the Post-Apocalypse Writers Phrase Book and Horror Writers Phrase Book for writers interested in publishing within those genresThe Emotion Thesaurus: A Writers Guide to Character Expression by Angela AckermanWhile there are hundreds of phrasebooks and writers thesauri on the market, The Emotion Thesaurus by Angela Ackerman really bre aks down characterization and emotion for authors wishing to build both into their story. Ackerman is a writing coach, international speaker, and co-author of six bestselling books for writers. Her books are available in six languages, are sourced by US universities, and are used by novelists, screenwriters, editors, and psychologists around the world.†¯Ackerman is also co-founder of Writers Helping Writers as well as One Stop for Writers, an innovative online library built to help writers elevate their storytelling.

Anxiety essays

Anxiety essays Most people have a view of what they think mental illness is. Most of us have seen, at one time or another, someone walking on the street muttering to him or herself, perhaps gesturing, or picking through trash cans but pulling out peculiar things, or exhibiting other behaviors we think are "off" in some way. However, most people who meet the criteria of some psychiatric diagnosis look just like everyone else. In fact, the characteristics for most psychiatric disorders are behaviors we all show at one time or another. They just occur more often and cause problems for the person (Frey, 1999). For instance, we all worry sometimes or feel anxious sometimes, but we don't meet The diagnostic standards set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) unless the symptoms are severe enough that they actively interfere with important parts of our lives, such as work or relationships, in a significant way (Frey, 1999). One of the most common diagnoses from DSM-IV are anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are a cluster of diagnoses that all have anxiety as a main symptom (Frey, 1999). It is a good example of the importance in the diagnostic process of symptoms interfering with life in significant ways, because we all feel anxious sometimes. As one source says, "Normal (sometimes called objective) anxiety occurs when people react appropriately to the situation causing the anxiety. For example, most people feel anxious on the first day at a new job for any number of reasons. They are uncertain how they will be received by co-workers, they may be unfamiliar with their duties, or they may be unsure they made the correct decision in taking the job. Despite these feelings and any accompanying physiological responses, they carry on and eventually adapt" In addition, fear or anxiety is not only normal but appropriate in some circumstances, suc...